Emperor & Stoic Philosopher · Roman · b. 121 AD · d. 180 AD
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors, and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace, calm, and stability for the Roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. His reign was marked by military conflict including wars with the Parthian Empire and the Marcomannic Wars against the Germanic tribes. Despite the demands of empire, Marcus is best remembered for the *Meditations* — a private journal of Stoic reflections written in Greek during his campaigns, never intended for publication. The work has shaped Western moral philosophy ever since.
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